Shipping from UAE to Turkey 2026
Shipping from the UAE to Turkey has become an important option for businesses, traders, and project owners dealing with the Turkish market, whether they need to ship commercial goods, equipment, vehicles, partial shipments, or personal belongings
However, choosing a shipping company and transporting goods from the UAE to Turkey is not simply about finding the shipping price or selecting the cheapest transportation method, as the final cost, transit time, and customs clearance procedures vary depending on the type of goods, weight, volume, value, shipping method, destination port, and required documentation
In this comprehensive guide, we explain everything you need to know before shipping from the UAE to Turkey, starting with choosing the right transportation method and understanding shipping costs and transit times, through customs procedures and documentation, and finally to delivery inside Turkey
In this guide, you will learn about
• The best shipping methods from the UAE to Turkey
• Shipping costs and the factors that determine the final price
• Sea freight and air freight transit times
• Required shipping documents
• Customs clearance procedures in Turkey
• The importance of the HS Code
• The UAE–Turkey Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
• Major Turkish ports and cities
• Shipping cars, furniture, equipment, and commercial goods
• Door-to-door shipping
• Common mistakes to avoid before shipping
Table of Contents
Shipping from UAE to Turkey: What Should You Know Before Starting?
Before sending any shipment from the UAE to Turkey, the first step is to clearly identify the nature of the shipment
Is it a commercial shipment or a personal shipment?
Does it require a full container or only partial container space?
Is the cargo large and heavy, or small and high-value?
Will the goods be delivered to a port in Turkey or directly to the recipient’s address?
Does the shipment require customs clearance, permits, or special certificates?
These are not simply formal procedures. They directly affect the choice of shipping method, cost, transit time, and required documentation
For commercial shipments in particular, it is important to determine the correct customs classification of the goods before starting the shipping process, as duties and regulatory requirements may vary depending on the product and its specific customs classification
Turkey’s customs procedures are overseen by the Turkish Ministry of Trade and include several customs regimes, such as free circulation, transit, customs warehousing, and inward processing, among others
Why Is Shipping Between UAE and Turkey Increasingly Important?
The growing trade relationship between the UAE and Turkey has made the movement of goods between the two countries an important logistics route for businesses looking to access new markets, source products, or expand distribution operations
The UAE–Turkey Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement also makes it particularly important to understand rules of origin and preferential tariff treatment rather than assuming that all shipments are subject to the same customs treatment
There is an important point to understand here
Having a trade agreement between the two countries does not mean that all products automatically receive customs duty exemptions
Eligibility for preferential treatment depends on the product, applicable rules of origin, fulfillment of the required conditions, and the accepted proof of origin
For this reason, the eligibility of a specific product should be verified before relying on any particular exemption or reduced tariff
What Is the Best Shipping Method from the UAE to Turkey?
There is no single shipping method that is suitable for every shipment
The right transportation method depends on several factors, including shipment volume, weight, value, urgency, type of goods, and budget
The main options include:
Sea Freight from the UAE to Turkey
Sea freight is one of the most important options when the shipment is large or when achieving a suitable transportation cost is a priority compared with air freight
Full container shipping can be used for shipments that require an entire container, while Less than Container Load shipping can be used when the cargo does not require a full container
Sea freight requires proper planning of documentation, cargo preparation, and schedules because delays in preparing documents or completing customs procedures can affect the overall shipment schedule
Air Freight from the UAE to Turkey
Air freight is suitable when speed is a major priority, especially for urgent shipments, high-value goods, or products that need to reach their destination quickly
However, air freight costs can be based on either actual weight or volumetric weight depending on the characteristics of the shipment, so knowing the actual weight alone may not be enough when requesting a quotation
Land Freight to Turkey
Land transportation can be part of the logistics solution for shipments requiring multimodal transportation, and it may be combined with sea or air freight as part of a complete transportation plan
This is why the transportation method should not be selected separately from the complete logistics route, starting from the supplier’s warehouse in the UAE and ending at the recipient’s address in Turkey
Full Container Load — FCL
FCL means that an entire container is dedicated to your shipment
It is suitable when the cargo volume is large or when the shipper needs a dedicated container for the goods
This option can also help organize large commercial shipments and reduce the handling of multiple goods inside the same container
Less than Container Load — LCL
LCL is used when the shipment is not large enough to require a full container
The cargo is consolidated with other shipments inside the same container
This option can be practical for businesses that ship smaller quantities and do not need to reserve an entire container
How Much Does Shipping from the UAE to Turkey Cost?
There is no fixed price that applies to every shipment from the UAE to Turkey
Any company providing a final price without knowing the shipment details may not be giving you a complete picture of the actual cost
Shipping costs are affected by several factors, including:
- Type of goods
- Weight
- Volume
- Number of packages
- Packaging method
- Container type
- Port of departure
- Port of destination
- Transportation method
- Handling charges
- Customs clearance
- Inland transportation
- Insurance
- Trade terms
- Special requirements related to the goods
Therefore, the cost of shipping from the UAE to Turkey should be calculated based on the actual shipment details rather than a general figure
What Factors Determine the Cost of Shipping to Turkey?
Type of Goods
Some goods can be shipped under standard procedures, while other products may require additional permits, certificates, inspections, or special handling
Weight and Volume
For air freight, volumetric weight can be an important factor in determining the chargeable weight
For sea freight, the shipment volume, loading method, and container type can affect the overall cost
Port of Departure and Destination
The selected departure and destination ports can affect the route, cost, and logistics services associated with the shipment
Additional Services
If you need the goods to be collected from a warehouse in the UAE and delivered directly to an address in Turkey, the cost will differ from a shipment that is delivered only to the port
Is Sea Freight Cheaper than Air Freight to Turkey?
For many large commercial shipments, sea freight can be more suitable in terms of transportation cost per unit of cargo compared with air freight, while air freight offers greater speed
However, the correct comparison should not be based only on the transportation price
You should compare the total shipment cost, transit time, and included services
Air freight may cost more but can be appropriate for an urgent shipment, while sea freight may be more suitable for large cargo that can accommodate a longer transit time
How Can You Get an Accurate Shipping Quote from the UAE to Turkey?
To receive a practical and accurate shipping quotation, prepare the following information:
- Type of goods
- Number of packages
- Total weight
- Package dimensions
- Cargo value
- Pickup address in the UAE
- Destination city or port in Turkey
- Whether the shipment is commercial or personal
- Whether you require door-to-door service
- Any special requirements related to the goods
The more accurate this information is, the easier it becomes to prepare a quotation that reflects the actual requirements of your shipment
How Long Does Shipping from the UAE to Turkey Take?
The transit time from the UAE to Turkey varies depending on the transportation method, route, port, customs procedures, and type of shipment
For this reason, sea freight and air freight transit times should not be treated as fixed periods for every shipment
It is also important to distinguish between transit time and the complete door-to-door shipping timeline
Transit time may not include pickup, handling, customs clearance, and final delivery
Sea Freight Transit Time from the UAE to Turkey
Sea freight generally takes longer than air freight, but it is suitable for commercial shipments and large quantities where maximum speed is not the main priority
The transit time can be affected by the departure port, destination port, vessel schedule, shipping route, cargo handling, and customs clearance procedures
Air Freight Transit Time from the UAE to Turkey
Air freight is generally faster than sea freight and is therefore used when reaching Turkey within a shorter timeframe is a priority
However, the complete shipping timeline should also include cargo preparation, handling, customs clearance, and final delivery
Does Shipping Time Include Customs Clearance?
Not necessarily
This is one of the most important points to consider when comparing shipping company quotations
When you receive a quotation, ask clearly:
Is the stated time only the transportation transit time?
Or does it include pickup, customs clearance, and delivery to the final destination?
The difference can be significant when planning the arrival date of your goods
Customs in Turkey When Importing Goods from the UAE
Customs clearance is one of the most important stages of shipping from the UAE to Turkey, and it should not be considered only after the goods arrive
Before shipping, you should confirm the correct customs classification of the product, required documents, applicable duties and taxes, and any special import requirements
The applicable customs treatment depends on several factors, including the product, HS Code, country of origin, customs value, and applicable import regulations
How Does Customs Clearance Work in Turkey?
In general, the shipment goes through several stages, including submitting the required documents and customs declarations, determining the customs classification and customs value, checking applicable requirements, completing the necessary procedures, and paying the applicable duties and taxes
The exact procedures can vary from one shipment to another depending on the type of goods, purpose of importation, value, origin, and applicable regulatory requirements
For this reason, it is better to review the product requirements before shipping rather than after the goods arrive in Turkey
How Are Customs Duties Determined?
Customs treatment depends on several factors, including:
- Product type
- HS Code
- Country of origin
- Customs value
- Nature of the import
- Applicable trade agreements
- Additional requirements or charges
Turkey’s customs tariff and import regulations vary according to the category and classification of the goods
Therefore, it is not accurate to apply one general customs duty rate to all products arriving from the UAE
What Is the Relationship Between the HS Code and Customs Duties in Turkey?
The HS Code is one of the most important pieces of information in the import process
It helps determine the customs classification of the goods and, consequently, the applicable tariff and regulatory requirements
A general description such as “spare parts” or “electronic devices” may not be enough to determine the correct customs treatment
The more accurate the product description and specifications are, the easier it becomes to identify the appropriate classification
Do All Products Coming from the UAE Have the Same Customs Duties?
No, Customs treatment varies depending on the product, classification, country of origin, and applicable import regulations
Some eligible products may also qualify for preferential treatment under the UAE–Turkey trade agreement if all applicable conditions are fulfilled
Therefore, a general customs duty rate should not be assumed before confirming the product, HS Code, and country of origin
Can UAE Goods Benefit from the UAE–Turkey Trade Agreement?
This is one of the most important points to understand before shipping from the UAE to Turkey
The UAE–Turkey Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement provides a trade framework that includes preferential tariff arrangements for eligible goods, but preferential treatment does not automatically apply to every shipment
The product must meet the applicable rules of origin and other requirements, and proof of origin must be provided according to the approved procedures
An important distinction should also be made between the country from which the goods are shipped and the country of origin of the goods
The fact that goods are located in the UAE and shipped from the UAE does not necessarily mean that they are of UAE origin
This distinction is particularly important when determining eligibility for preferential tariff treatment
For more details on preferential tariffs, rules of origin, proof of origin, and the UAE–Türkiye Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, you can review the official information published by UAE Customs
What Is the UAE–Turkey Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement?
It is a trade framework designed to strengthen trade and investment between the two countries and includes provisions that can affect the customs treatment of eligible goods
However, it is important to distinguish between the shipping country and the country of origin
Goods shipped from the UAE are not necessarily considered UAE-origin goods
Do All Goods Receive Customs Duty Exemptions?
All goods cannot be considered automatically exempt from customs duties
The applicable treatment depends on the specific product, rules of origin, tariff schedules, and applicable requirements
For this reason, the product should be verified before giving the importer an expectation regarding customs duties
Why Is the Certificate of Origin Important?
A Certificate of Origin helps establish the country of origin of the goods and can be an important document when requesting preferential treatment under an applicable trade agreement
The origin information provided in the documents should accurately reflect the actual origin of the goods and meet the applicable requirements
How Can I Know Whether My Goods Qualify for Preferential Tariffs?
Start with three basic pieces of information:
- Identify the product accurately
- Determine the correct HS Code
- Check the rules of origin applicable to the product
The applicable preferential tariff schedule and proof-of-origin requirements can then be reviewed before shipping
It is not advisable to rely only on a statement such as “the goods are from the UAE” without checking the applicable rules of origin
What Documents Are Required for Shipping from the UAE to Turkey?
Required documents vary depending on the type of shipment and the goods being imported, but the main commercial documents generally include:
Commercial Invoice
The commercial invoice provides information about the seller and buyer, product description, quantity, value, terms of sale, and other required details
Packing List
The packing list provides details about the shipment contents, number of packages, weights, dimensions, and packing method
Bill of Lading
For sea freight, the Bill of Lading is one of the essential shipping documents, while an Air Waybill is used for air freight
Certificate of Origin
The Certificate of Origin identifies the country of origin of the goods and may be required as part of the import process or to claim preferential treatment under a trade agreement when the applicable conditions are met
Customs Documentation
The shipment may require additional documents or customs declarations related to the import and customs clearance process
Additional Documents Depending on the Goods
Some products may require additional licenses, certificates, approvals, inspections, or other regulatory documents
This is why product-specific requirements should always be checked before shipping
Which Goods Require Permits or Are Subject to Restrictions When Shipped to Turkey?
Not all products are subject to the same regulatory requirements
Certain goods may be subject to special controls, licenses, conformity inspections, technical requirements, or prior approvals
Some products may require approval before importation or may be subject to conformity checks depending on their nature and the relevant regulations
Food and Agricultural Products
These products may be subject to health, technical, or additional documentation requirements depending on their nature
Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics
These products may be subject to specific regulatory requirements and approvals before importation
Chemical Products
Chemical goods must be handled according to the nature of the material and the regulations applicable to that product
Products Requiring Conformity Certificates
Certain products entering the Turkish market may be subject to technical conformity requirements
Prohibited or Restricted Goods
Some goods may be prohibited, restricted, or require prior approval
For this reason, it is essential to confirm that the product can legally be imported into Turkey before handing it over to the shipping company
Major Ports and Cities for Shipping Goods from the UAE to Turkey
Choosing the right destination is an important part of shipment planning
The most suitable option can vary depending on the recipient’s location, type of goods, and shipping method
Shipping to Istanbul
Istanbul is one of Turkey’s major commercial destinations and can serve as an important entry point for goods that may later be distributed to other areas depending on the recipient’s location
Ambarli Port
Ambarli serves the Istanbul region and is an important destination for shipments moving into the area
Mersin Port
Mersin is an important option for shipments destined for southern Turkey and connected inland regions
Izmir Port
Izmir serves the Aegean region and surrounding areas and can be suitable for certain shipments depending on the final destination
The best port should not be selected simply based on its name or popularity, but according to the complete logistics route from the UAE to the final recipient
What Types of Goods Can Be Shipped from the UAE to Turkey?
Shipping solutions can be arranged according to the type, volume, and characteristics of the goods
Commercial Goods
Suitable for businesses and traders dealing with suppliers or customers in Turkey
Furniture and Personal Belongings
Furniture and personal belongings can be shipped depending on the nature of the shipment, purpose of importation, and required documentation
Car Shipping from the UAE to Turkey
Vehicles can be shipped using the appropriate transportation method, but cars are subject to specific customs and regulatory requirements
For this reason, import conditions should be reviewed before arranging vehicle transportation
Heavy Equipment Shipping
Heavy equipment requires different planning in terms of weight, dimensions, loading, unloading, handling equipment, and final delivery
Project Cargo Shipping
Project shipments may include equipment and materials with different sizes and weights and therefore require advance coordination between transportation, storage, customs clearance, and final delivery
Partial Shipments for Smaller Cargo
LCL shipping can be used when the shipment volume is not large enough to justify a full container
Door-to-Door Shipping from the UAE to Turkey
Door-to-door shipping means that the transportation process does not end when the goods arrive at the port
Instead, the logistics process can be arranged from the pickup point in the UAE to the recipient’s address in Turkey, depending on the agreed scope of service
The service may include:
- Cargo pickup
- Shipment preparation
- International transportation
- Shipping documentation
- Customs clearance, depending on the agreed service
- Inland transportation
- Final delivery
How Does Door-to-Door Shipping Work?
The process starts by identifying the pickup address and delivery address, followed by evaluating the goods and selecting the appropriate transportation method
The shipment and documentation are then prepared and transported according to the agreed route
After arrival in Turkey, customs clearance is completed and inland transportation to the final destination is arranged if included in the service
What Is Included in the Shipping Price?
This depends on the quotation
You should therefore check whether the quotation includes:
- Pickup
- International transportation
- Handling
- Customs clearance
- Customs duties
- Taxes
- Inland transportation
- Final delivery
- Insurance
Do not assume that every quotation includes the same services
Is Customs Clearance Included in the Service?
It may be included or charged separately depending on the service and the agreement with the shipping company
This should be clearly stated in the quotation
When Is Door-to-Door Shipping Suitable?
Door-to-door shipping can be particularly useful when the shipper wants to manage the entire logistics process through one service provider instead of coordinating with several parties
It can also be practical for businesses that regularly ship to Turkey or for customers who want to reduce the complexity of managing different transportation stages
Sea Freight or Air Freight from the UAE to Turkey? Which Is Right for Your Shipment?
| Factor | Sea Freight | Air Freight |
|---|---|---|
| Cost | Generally suitable for large quantities | Usually higher per unit of weight |
| Speed | Slower | Faster |
| Large shipments | Very suitable | Less suitable |
| Small shipments | LCL can be used | Suitable |
| Urgent shipments | Less suitable | Suitable |
| Containers | Suitable | Not applicable in the same way |
| High-value goods | Depends on the goods | Can be suitable |
| Large projects | Suitable | Suitable for urgent components |
There is no single answer that applies to every shipment
If you have a large quantity and the delivery schedule allows more time, sea freight may be a practical option
If speed is the priority, air freight may be more suitable
The final decision should be based on the total shipment cost, transit time, and nature of the goods
Shipping from the UAE to Turkey: Step-by-Step from Pickup to Delivery
1 — Identify the Type of Goods
Start with an accurate description of the goods rather than a general product name
2 — Determine the Weight and Volume
Weight and dimensions are essential for calculating costs and selecting the appropriate transportation method
3 — Choose the Shipping Method
Determine whether the shipment requires sea freight, air freight, or a multimodal transportation solution
4 — Review the Required Documents
Make sure the commercial invoice, packing list, Bill of Lading or Air Waybill, Certificate of Origin, and any other required documents are available
5 — Determine the HS Code
The correct customs classification helps determine the applicable requirements and duties
6 — Prepare the Shipment
Choose suitable packaging based on the nature of the goods and transportation method
7 — Prepare the Shipping Documents
Make sure the product description, value, quantity, and origin information are consistent across the different documents
8 — Transport the Goods to the Departure Port
The cargo is delivered according to the agreed logistics plan
9 — Complete Export Procedures
The necessary procedures for exporting the goods from the UAE are completed
10 — Ship the Goods to Turkey
The shipment moves according to the selected transportation method and route
11 — Complete Customs Clearance in Turkey
The required documents are submitted, the shipment details are reviewed, and applicable customs procedures, duties, and taxes are completed
12 — Final Delivery
Once customs procedures are completed, the shipment is transported to the recipient or agreed delivery address
Common Mistakes to Avoid When Shipping from the UAE to Turkey
Choosing the Shipping Method Based Only on Price
The cheapest quotation is not necessarily the lowest total cost once all services and charges are included
Failing to Check Import Requirements for the Product
The goods may face problems after arriving in Turkey if the product requires a permit, certificate, inspection, or approval
Providing an Inaccurate Product Description
A vague description may create problems with customs classification or clearance
Using the Wrong HS Code
Incorrect classification can result in differences in duties, additional document requests, or delays
Ignoring Certificate of Origin Requirements
This is particularly important when the shipper intends to benefit from preferential treatment under a trade agreement
Failing to Calculate Additional Costs
You should know whether the quotation includes customs clearance, handling, inland transportation, taxes, and other charges
Failing to Confirm the Incoterms
International Commercial Terms determine the responsibilities of the buyer and seller and allocate certain costs and risks
The applicable trade terms should therefore be clearly agreed upon before shipping
How Do You Choose a Shipping Company from the UAE to Turkey?
Choosing a shipping company should not depend only on the advertised price
The key question is what services and support you receive for that price
Look for a company with international shipping experience that can manage the shipment from pickup through final delivery
It is also important to check whether the company provides:
- Experience in shipping to Turkey
- Customs clearance expertise
- Knowledge of import requirements
- Multiple shipping options
- Transparent quotations
- Shipment tracking
- Insurance options
- Door-to-door services when required
- The ability to handle special shipments
- Support and shipment follow-up until delivery
Experience in customs clearance can be particularly valuable because the shipping process does not end when the container or aircraft arrives in Turkey
Why Should You Plan Your Shipment Before Sending the Goods?
Early planning helps reduce unexpected problems
Before sending your shipment, it is better to know:
Which transportation method is suitable?
What are the quantity, weight, and dimensions?
What is the HS Code?
Does the product require special approval?
What documents are required?
Can the shipment benefit from the UAE–Turkey agreement?
What does the quotation include?
Who will handle customs clearance?
Where will the goods be delivered?
All of these questions become easier to manage when they are addressed before the shipment leaves the UAE
Frequently Asked Questions About Shipping from the UAE to Turkey
How Much Does Shipping from the UAE to Turkey Cost?
The cost varies depending on the type of goods, weight, volume, transportation method, destination port, required services, customs clearance, and other factors
A shipping company needs the shipment details to prepare an accurate quotation
How Long Does a Shipment from the UAE to Turkey Take?
The transit time varies depending on the transportation method, route, port, customs clearance, and final delivery
International transit time is not necessarily the same as the complete door-to-door shipping timeline
What Is the Cheapest Way to Ship from the UAE to Turkey?
For large shipments, sea freight can often be more suitable in terms of cost, while air freight may be more appropriate when speed is the priority
The right option depends on the shipment details rather than price alone
Is Sea Freight Available from the UAE to Turkey?
Yes, sea freight can be arranged for shipments going to Turkey, whether through a full container or partial container shipping depending on the shipment volume
Can I Ship Goods from Dubai to Istanbul?
Shipping from Dubai to Istanbul can be arranged depending on the type of goods, required transportation method, and final delivery location
What Documents Are Required for Shipping to Turkey?
Basic documents generally include the commercial invoice, packing list, Bill of Lading or Air Waybill, and Certificate of Origin, while additional documents may be required depending on the type of product
Are There Customs Duties on Goods Coming from the UAE?
There may be customs duties and taxes depending on the type of product, classification, origin, value, and applicable import regulations
Eligible products may also benefit from preferential treatment under the UAE–Turkey agreement when the applicable conditions are met
Can UAE Goods Benefit from the UAE–Turkey Agreement?
Eligible goods may benefit from preferential treatment depending on the applicable rules of origin, tariff schedules, and requirements
Shipping the goods from the UAE alone does not automatically mean that the goods qualify for preferential tariffs
Can Cars Be Shipped from the UAE to Turkey?
Vehicle shipping can be arranged, but cars are subject to specific customs and regulatory requirements, so import conditions should be checked before starting the shipping process
Can Furniture and Personal Belongings Be Shipped to Turkey?
Furniture and personal belongings can be shipped depending on the nature of the shipment, purpose of importation, and required documentation
Can Goods Be Shipped Door to Door?
Yes, door-to-door shipping can be arranged depending on the agreed scope of service, covering pickup, international transportation, customs clearance, and final delivery where applicable
What Is the Difference Between FCL and LCL?
FCL means using a full container dedicated to your shipment, while LCL means shipping a partial quantity inside a shared container with other shipments
Can Heavy Equipment Be Shipped from the UAE to Turkey?
Heavy equipment can be shipped, but the weight, dimensions, loading and unloading requirements, and final destination must be known before selecting the appropriate transportation method
How Can I Get a Shipping Quote from the UAE to Turkey?
Prepare the type of goods, weight, dimensions, number of packages, pickup location, and destination city or port in Turkey, then request a quotation that clearly explains the included services and costs
Before You Ship from the UAE to Turkey
Successful international shipping starts before the shipment moves
The more accurate the cargo information, the more complete the documentation, the clearer the customs classification, and the more carefully the transportation method is selected, the easier it becomes to control costs and transit times and reduce the possibility of delays
Looking for a Shipping Company from the UAE to Turkey?
If you are planning to ship commercial goods, partial shipments, equipment, vehicles, or personal belongings from the UAE to Turkey, the Golden Ocean Shipping team can help you choose a suitable shipping method and arrange a logistics solution based on the nature of your shipment
We help you understand shipping options, costs, required documentation, customs clearance, and related logistics services before the transportation process begins
Request a shipping quotation for your shipment from the UAE to Turkey today
Website: goldenoceanuae.com
Phone: +971 55 214 1409
Read Also
Explore more international shipping and customs clearance guides on the Golden Ocean website, especially topics covering international shipping, customs procedures, shipping costs, and required documentation
- UAE Customs Clearance Guide
- Documents Required for Customs Clearance in the UAE
- Complete Guide to International Shipping Methods
- Air Freight vs Sea Freight from the UAE
- Factors Affecting International Shipping Costs from the UAE
- Shipping from the UAE to Saudi Arabia
- Shipping from the UAE to Egypt
- Car Shipping from the UAE
Last Updated: September 2026
Important Note: Customs duties and regulatory requirements vary depending on the product, classification, country of origin, applicable import regulations, and rules of origin, and requirements may change over time. Always verify the current requirements for your specific shipment before shipping


